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...the sensor stage uses an LM358 op-amp and a low-ESR capacitor...
LM358 • DIP-8Dual Op-Amp
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1 OUT12 IN1-3 IN1+4 GND
LM358
VCC 8OUT2 7IN2- 6IN2+ 5
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Internal series resistance of a capacitor that causes high-frequency heating and output voltage ripple.

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SMPS Buck Converter Design

Prerequisites:PWM & Duty Cycle FundamentalsMOSFET Switching Dynamics
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SMPS Buck Design
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LM358ESRR_gate = 4.7Ω suppresses ringingIn a buck converter operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM), the output voltage depends on the switching duty cycle and inductor current...
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SMPS Buck Converter Design

PWM & Duty Cycle Fundamentals

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MOSFET Switching Dynamics

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SMPS Buck Design
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PWM Drive ✓
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Duty: 25%V_out = 3.0V
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In MOSFET drive, R_gate = 4.7Ω suppresses ringing
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A Kelvin-Source connection reduces switching loss by 35%.

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